Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Indoor Air Quality
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) refers to the quality of air within and around buildings and structures, particularly concerning the health and comfort of the occupants. It encompasses various factors, including the presence of indoor pollutants and the effectiveness of ventilation systems. Poor IAQ can lead to a range of health issues, including headaches, fatigue, and respiratory problems, as well as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.[1.1] The most prevalent causes of poor indoor air quality include the accumulation of pollutants such as dust, mold, pet dander, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from household products, and tobacco smoke. Inadequate ventilation significantly exacerbates these problems by trapping these pollutants indoors, resulting in higher concentrations that pose increased health risks.[3.1] Effective ventilation is crucial, as it helps to introduce outdoor air into indoor spaces, thereby diluting indoor pollutants and improving overall air quality.[2.1]Importance of Indoor Air Quality
History
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a vital component of public health, as individuals spend the majority of their time indoors, making the air they breathe indoors crucial for their overall well-being.[4.1] The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified indoor air pollution as a leading environmental issue, emphasizing its significance in various environments such as homes, schools, and workplaces.[4.1] Poor IAQ can result in numerous health issues, including infections, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases like asthma, particularly affecting those with pre-existing conditions.[8.1] The sources of indoor air pollution are varied, including building materials, household cleaners, and biological pollutants like dust mites and pet dander.[7.1] Common pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and inorganic compounds can adversely affect human health.[18.1] The World Health Organization (WHO) has set guidelines to safeguard public health from these pollutants, underscoring the importance of awareness and assessment of IAQ.[6.1] IAQ is also a critical consideration in building design, as it directly impacts the health and well-being of occupants. Many are unaware that construction and finishing materials can significantly influence indoor air quality.[9.1] An evaluation model can be used to assess IAQ during building and interior decoration processes, providing reliable design parameters for selecting materials and determining ventilation needs.[12.1] Indoor air pollution is a significant public health concern, contributing to millions of deaths and disability-adjusted life years lost annually, disproportionately affecting underprivileged communities reliant on solid fuels for cooking.[15.1] Addressing these disparities is crucial for improving public health outcomes, especially for vulnerable populations.Ancient Understanding of Indoor Air Quality
Ancient civilizations demonstrated an early awareness of indoor air quality and its impact on health. The Egyptians, for instance, implemented architectural features such as high windows to enhance ventilation, while the Romans developed hypocaust systems to improve air circulation and reduce indoor pollutants.[50.1] Despite these advancements, indoor air pollution remained a significant health concern, particularly due to cooking and heating practices that utilized open fires in poorly ventilated spaces. This practice led to widespread health issues, as evidenced by scientific studies of mummified lung tissues from various ancient societies, which revealed conditions such as anthracosis, characterized by the blackening of the lungs.[51.1] The understanding of air quality was not limited to architectural solutions; ancient thinkers like Hippocrates recognized the detrimental effects of polluted air, particularly in densely populated areas and mines.[53.1] This awareness persisted through the medieval era, where incremental improvements were made in ventilation practices.[53.1] Overall, the historical evolution of air purification techniques reflects humanity's ongoing quest for cleaner indoor environments, beginning with rudimentary methods in ancient times and progressing to more sophisticated systems in response to the persistent challenges of indoor air pollution.[52.1]Evolution Through the Industrial Revolution
The evolution of indoor air quality (IAQ) during the Industrial Revolution marked a significant turning point in the recognition and management of air pollution within enclosed spaces. The awareness of the adverse effects of polluted air on health can be traced back to ancient civilizations, with notable mentions by Hippocrates regarding the detrimental impacts of air quality in crowded cities and mines as early as 460-377 BC.[49.1] However, it was not until the mid-1800s that the importance of good indoor air quality began to gain traction, culminating in a heightened interest during the 1970s, particularly in Scandinavian countries.[46.1] The modern era of indoor air science is often considered to have commenced in the 1970s, driven by several pivotal factors. The oil embargo of 1973 prompted a shift towards energy conservation in building design and operation, which inadvertently affected indoor air quality.[47.1] Concurrently, ambient air pollution emerged as a pressing concern in many developed nations, leading to increased scrutiny of indoor environments.[47.1] This period also saw the emergence of "modern diseases," which further underscored the need for improved indoor air standards.[47.1] In response to these evolving concerns, the World Health Organization (WHO) began developing specific guidelines for indoor air quality in 2006. These guidelines aimed to provide health-based recommendations for various indoor pollutants, including chemical agents and biological contaminants such as dampness and mold.[48.1] The WHO's efforts reflect a broader recognition of the health risks associated with indoor air pollution and the necessity for regulatory frameworks to mitigate these risks.[55.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Technological Innovations in Air Quality Monitoring
Recent advancements in air quality monitoring have been significantly influenced by the integration of innovative technologies, particularly in the realm of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning (ML). The development of cost-effective sensors capable of real-time monitoring has revolutionized the way indoor air quality (IAQ) is assessed. These sensors can capture a variety of air quality-related modalities, including pollutant concentrations, humidity, and temperature, thereby providing comprehensive data for analysis.[123.1] Moreover, the application of machine learning models enhances the accuracy of air quality predictions, enabling "ahead-of-time" approximations that can inform proactive measures for maintaining healthy indoor environments.[124.1] For instance, a low-cost CO2 monitoring system utilizing non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors and LSTM neural networks has been developed to predict indoor CO2 concentrations, facilitating timely ventilation strategies in shared spaces.[124.1] The convergence of AI, drones, wearables, satellites, and IoT technologies is also paving the way for smarter, more connected air quality monitoring systems. These advancements empower individuals and communities to take proactive steps toward cleaner air by providing real-time, granular data.[125.1] Furthermore, the increasing availability of air sensor technology in the consumer marketplace is changing the landscape of IAQ management, making it common for sensors to be integrated into various devices and appliances.[126.1] As research continues to focus on enhancing sensor design through the use of nanomaterials, significant improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, and operational efficiency are anticipated.[90.1] However, challenges remain, particularly in selecting robust catalysts for a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to the complexity of pollutant mixtures.[132.1] Addressing these challenges will be crucial for the successful implementation of innovative air purification technologies and the overall enhancement of indoor air quality.Nature-Based Solutions for Indoor Air Quality Improvement
Nature-based solutions for improving indoor air quality (IAQ) have gained attention as effective strategies to enhance the health and well-being of occupants in various environments. One promising approach involves the integration of biological methods, such as the use of microorganisms and plants, which can effectively remove a wide range of chemical pollutants from indoor spaces.[112.1] These biological systems not only contribute to cleaner air but also align with the principles of eco-efficiency in building design.[112.1] Microalgae systems represent a novel nature-based solution that can significantly improve indoor air quality. These systems are capable of capturing indoor carbon dioxide, producing oxygen, and generating biomass and bioenergy, thereby enhancing the overall performance of buildings.[113.1] By integrating microalgae production systems with air handling systems, it is possible to achieve indoor air quality that surpasses that of outdoor air, while also improving thermal regulation and energy efficiency.[113.1] In addition to biological methods, cold plasma technology has emerged as an innovative solution for indoor air purification. Cold plasma air purifiers, which are typically installed within HVAC systems, generate ions that interact with air particles to improve air quality.[114.1] This technology offers advantages such as uniform treatment of air contaminants and consistent performance, making it a viable option for maintaining healthy indoor environments.[115.1] Furthermore, the combination of cold plasma with photocatalysis has been identified as a promising route to enhance the effectiveness of indoor air quality improvement efforts.[115.1]In this section:
Health Impacts
Long-Term Health Effects
Long-term exposure to indoor air pollution has significant health implications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and women, who tend to spend more time indoors. Studies indicate that indoor air pollution is linked to a range of respiratory issues, including increased asthma morbidity and impaired lung development in children. For instance, one study found that higher indoor levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) were associated with greater asthma morbidity among children, regardless of whether they had atopic or non-atopic forms of asthma.[136.1] Furthermore, it is estimated that over 4 million deaths annually are attributed to indoor air pollution, highlighting its role as a critical public health concern.[137.1] Research conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) underscores the importance of understanding the health effects of indoor air pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter, which are prevalent in non-industrial buildings.[140.1] These pollutants can lead to chronic respiratory conditions, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as acute lower respiratory tract infections.[144.1] Children are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of indoor air pollution, with studies showing that exposure to pollutants like nitrogen dioxide and airborne allergens can exacerbate asthma symptoms and decrease lung function.[144.1] The risk of respiratory infections and asthma is notably higher in children exposed to indoor pollutants, with findings suggesting that even low concentrations of these pollutants can have detrimental effects on respiratory health.[144.1] Indoor air pollution poses significant long-term health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly, who can spend as much as 90% of their time indoors.[151.1] This extended exposure increases their susceptibility to various health issues, including respiratory disorders and neurodevelopmental problems.[145.1] Research highlights that common indoor air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), and nitrogen compounds, are particularly detrimental to cardiovascular health.[152.1] Therefore, immediate actions at political, community, individual, and industry levels are essential to mitigate these risks and protect those most affected by indoor air quality.[145.1]In this section:
Critical Public HealthEnvironmental HealthHealth EffectsChronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseAllergens
Sources Of Indoor Air Pollution
Common Indoor Pollutants
Common indoor pollutants primarily consist of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM), which are particularly harmful to vulnerable populations, including children and individuals with pre-existing lung conditions.[186.1] Indoor air pollution can be significantly more concentrated than outdoor pollution, often ranging from two to five times greater, and in extreme cases, it can be up to 100 times more harmful than outdoor air quality.[187.1] Exposure to these pollutants can exacerbate chronic respiratory issues, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and can also lead to irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.[197.1] Therefore, maintaining clean air quality indoors is crucial for health, especially given the amount of time people spend indoors.[197.1] To mitigate the risks associated with indoor air pollution, various strategies can be employed. Utilizing air purifiers equipped with High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters is one of the most effective methods for improving indoor air quality, as these filters can trap particles as small as 0.3 microns.[195.1] Additionally, ensuring proper ventilation in homes can help dilute and disperse indoor pollutants, thereby reducing their concentration.[196.1] The use of eco-friendly materials in construction and furnishing can also significantly enhance indoor air quality by minimizing harmful VOC emissions.[209.1] Sustainable materials, such as reclaimed wood and natural cork, not only improve air quality but also contribute to a lower carbon footprint.[210.1] Emerging technologies are also playing a crucial role in monitoring and improving indoor air quality. Smart home monitors and specialized devices can provide real-time data on air quality, helping homeowners and businesses to identify and address specific pollutants effectively.[198.1] By prioritizing these strategies and technologies, society can significantly enhance public health outcomes, particularly for those most vulnerable to the effects of indoor air pollution.[188.1]Major Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Indoor air pollution is a significant issue that arises from various sources releasing gases or particles into the air, adversely affecting indoor air quality (IAQ). The 13 most common indoor air pollutants include asbestos, biological pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), cookstoves, formaldehyde, lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), pesticides, radon, particulate matter (PM), secondhand smoke, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and wood smoke.[182.1] These pollutants can originate from a variety of sources, including building materials, household cleaners, and biological pollutants such as dust mites and pet dander.[183.1] Additionally, traditional cookstoves that utilize solid fuels like wood, charcoal, and coal can emit harmful pollutants, posing serious health risks, particularly to women and children who spend considerable time near these stoves.[182.1] Addressing indoor air pollution requires awareness of these sources and the implementation of strategies to improve ventilation and reduce exposure.[182.1] Specific sources of indoor air pollution include traditional cookstoves that utilize solid fuels like wood, charcoal, and coal, which emit harmful pollutants, posing serious health risks, particularly to women and children who spend considerable time near these stoves.[182.1] Other notable sources include carbon monoxide from wood stoves, furnaces, gas stoves, and environmental tobacco smoke.[184.1] Additionally, biological pollutants such as dust mites, pet dander, molds, and mildews contribute to indoor air quality issues.[184.1] Indoor air pollution is primarily caused by sources that release gases or particles into the air, which significantly contribute to indoor air quality (IAQ) problems in both homes and apartments. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) highlight that many pollution sources, such as interior building materials, furnishings, and household products, are similar across different types of residences, leading to comparable indoor air issues in single-family homes and apartments.[204.1] Furthermore, a distinction exists between residential and commercial settings regarding air pollution sources. In residential areas, traffic-related emissions are a significant contributor to indoor air pollution, indicating the need for targeted policy approaches to address these unique challenges.[205.1] In commercial districts, the ambient air quality and, consequently, indoor air pollution are influenced by local automobile traffic, which can lead to variations in indoor pollution levels.[206.1]In this section:
Mitigation Strategies
Source Control Measures
Source control measures are critical for enhancing indoor air quality by addressing the primary sources of indoor pollutants, which release gases or particles into the air. Common sources of indoor air pollution include building materials, household cleaners, and biological contaminants such as dust mites and pet dander.[230.1] While most pollutants affecting indoor air quality originate from within buildings, some can also come from outdoor sources. Additionally, volatile chemicals in water supplies may enter indoor air during activities like showering and cooking.[232.1] Understanding these sources is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate indoor air pollution and improve overall health outcomes. One of the primary approaches to source control is the selection of building materials that minimize the emission of harmful substances. For instance, when designing high-performance schools, it is crucial to choose materials that are not only cost-effective and durable but also contribute positively to indoor air quality. This includes selecting low-emission products for carpets, paints, sealants, and composite wood materials, which can off-gas harmful contaminants over time.[258.1] In addition to material selection, ensuring adequate ventilation is a critical component of source control. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recommends a minimum of 20 cubic feet per minute (CFM) of outdoor air per occupant in office settings to help dilute indoor pollutants.[255.1] This can be achieved through natural or mechanical ventilation systems that introduce fresh air into indoor environments. Furthermore, building codes often incorporate provisions for moisture control, which is vital for preventing mold growth—a significant indoor air pollutant that can lead to respiratory issues and allergies.[256.1] Effective moisture management, combined with proper ventilation, can significantly reduce the risk of indoor air quality problems. Lastly, the implementation of air cleaning technologies, such as high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, can complement source control measures by capturing airborne pollutants, including mold spores and tobacco smoke, thereby enhancing overall indoor air quality.[233.1] By integrating these strategies, building engineers can create healthier indoor environments that mitigate the risks associated with indoor air pollution.Ventilation and Air Cleaning Techniques
Effective ventilation and air cleaning techniques are crucial for improving indoor air quality (IAQ) and mitigating the adverse effects of indoor pollutants. One of the most effective strategies for enhancing IAQ is source control, which involves eliminating individual sources of pollution or reducing their emissions. This approach is particularly effective in residential settings, where controlling sources can significantly lower contaminant levels and improve overall air quality.[227.1] Ventilation is an essential component in improving indoor air quality (IAQ), particularly when it comes to mitigating indoor air pollutants. While source control is often the most effective strategy for reducing pollution levels, ventilation can also play a significant role, especially in environments where outdoor sources of pollution, such as smoke or refuse, are present.[227.1] Natural ventilation can help improve IAQ by reducing indoor pollutants, but it is crucial to evaluate its use carefully in areas with potential outdoor contaminants.[227.1] Additionally, advanced ventilation systems that incorporate sensor technologies can enhance operational effectiveness by monitoring various air quality metrics, such as temperature, humidity, and occupancy levels. These systems utilize real-time data to make automated adjustments, thereby optimizing air exchange rates and improving air cleaning efforts.[241.1] Recent innovations in air cleaning technologies include the use of microalgae systems, which have shown promise in capturing indoor carbon dioxide, producing oxygen, and improving overall air quality. These systems can potentially enhance indoor air quality to levels better than those found outdoors, while also contributing to energy efficiency in buildings.[238.1] Traditional air filters, while effective in trapping particles, may not match the efficiency of microalgae in purifying indoor air pollutants.[235.1] Moreover, localized air cleaning solutions are emerging as a viable alternative to traditional methods. These systems can be designed to integrate seamlessly with existing building infrastructure, providing effective air quality improvements without the need for extensive renovations.[239.1] The implementation of such technologies, alongside passive design strategies and architectural elements, can further enhance IAQ by reducing the entry of outdoor pollutants and improving ventilation.[242.1]Regulatory Framework
Current Regulations and Standards
Multiple regulations and standards govern indoor air quality (IAQ) to protect public health and safety. In the United States, key organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have established guidelines that address various aspects of IAQ.[268.1] However, it is important to note that OSHA does not set specific standards for indoor air quality; instead, it requires employers to adhere to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, which mandates a safe workplace free from known hazards.[276.1] The Model State Indoor Air Quality Act (MSIAQA) serves as a legal framework for states and localities to implement legislation aimed at improving IAQ in public buildings. This act encourages the establishment of state advisory councils to set appropriate standards.[269.1] Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed health guidelines related to IAQ, which are based on systematic reviews of evidence from medical and public health studies. These guidelines provide a foundation for countries to formulate their national indoor air quality policies.[270.1] ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) plays a pivotal role in establishing standards that ensure healthy indoor environments. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 is fundamental as it sets minimum requirements for ventilation, filtration, and air quality, thereby ensuring compliance with building codes and enhancing occupant health, comfort, and productivity by reducing exposure to indoor pollutants.[286.1] This standard not only addresses ventilation rates but also emphasizes contaminant control and performance-based approaches, reflecting the industry's commitment to balancing energy efficiency with indoor air quality.[285.1] Furthermore, ASHRAE underscores that the provision of acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) is central to its purpose, advocating for the inclusion of IAQ considerations in all decisions affecting building design and HVAC system operation, particularly in efforts to improve energy efficiency, sustainability, and resiliency.[288.1] Energy efficiency strategies must also take into account their impacts on indoor environmental quality, including thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustics, ensuring a holistic approach to building design.[287.1] Recent discussions in scientific literature highlight the urgent need for mandatory indoor air quality (IAQ) standards in public spaces to protect public health, particularly in the context of diseases such as COVID-19.[267.1] This emphasis on IAQ underscores its critical role in safeguarding health and well-being. Additionally, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently revisiting the Biden administration's PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), a process that has raised significant concerns among states and is viewed as a major obstacle to permitting.[268.1] This ongoing reassessment reflects the dynamic nature of IAQ regulations as they adapt to emerging public health challenges.Gaps in Regulation and Enforcement
Evolving environmental conditions, particularly those related to climate change, are significantly impacting building materials and increasing risks to human health. This shift necessitates a reevaluation of existing regulatory frameworks, as new rating systems, product declaration statements, protocols, and regulations are being developed in response to the growing understanding of how materials affect indoor air quality and human health.[271.1] Climate change not only exacerbates existing indoor environmental problems but also introduces new challenges as the frequency and severity of adverse outdoor conditions change. Given that most individuals in the United States spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, the quality of indoor air is crucial for health and well-being.[273.1] The interplay between outdoor air quality, indoor activities, and building materials underscores the need for comprehensive regulations that address these emerging issues. One potential avenue for improving indoor air quality is the implementation of distributed, localized air cleaning solutions. These solutions can effectively address indoor environmental quality issues while enhancing overall building energy efficiency. When selecting technology options, it is essential to consider factors such as air contamination removal efficiency, the absence of harmful byproducts, ease of maintenance, and compatibility with existing building systems.[274.1] By integrating such solutions, building owners and managers can create healthier and more sustainable indoor environments, which is increasingly vital in the context of climate change and its impact on indoor air quality.In this section:
Vulnerable Populations
Groups at Higher Risk
Certain populations are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of indoor air pollution, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. Children and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their developing or declining immune and respiratory systems, respectively.[311.1] Poor housing quality significantly impacts indoor air quality, which can severely affect the respiratory health of children, especially those under nine years old living in cold or overcrowded homes.[312.1] Additionally, climate change exacerbates indoor environmental quality issues, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. Those with limited economic resources may find it challenging to adapt to or mitigate these adverse effects, with age and health status further increasing their susceptibility.[313.1] Indoor air quality issues are recognized as significant health risk factors across various income levels, impacting individuals in residences, day-care centers, and retirement homes.[314.1] Adults are also susceptible to negative health outcomes from poor indoor air quality, such as adult-onset asthma, particularly among those sensitive to allergens like dust mites and pet dander.[321.1] Vulnerable groups often spend extended periods indoors, where inadequate ventilation increases their exposure to pollutants and airborne pathogens, worsening existing health conditions.[322.1] Public health initiatives focused on improving indoor air quality can significantly enhance health outcomes for these groups. By prioritizing indoor air quality, society can address the unique health disparities faced by children, the elderly, and low-income communities.[324.1] The intersection of climate change and indoor air quality is expected to evolve, with increasing risks for vulnerable populations due to factors like heat, air pollution, and pollen, which disproportionately burden those already at risk of ill health.[326.1] Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive public health strategies and policies to mitigate the impacts of air pollution and improve indoor environments for the most susceptible members of society.[324.1]Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is significantly influenced by socioeconomic factors, particularly affecting low-income and minority communities. Studies indicate that these groups often experience higher levels of indoor pollutants compared to more affluent households, which raises concerns about their health and well-being.[315.1] The conditions of homes in low-income areas are frequently substandard; they tend to be older, of poorer quality, and require more maintenance, which exacerbates exposure to environmental contaminants.[319.1] Furthermore, overcrowded living conditions are more prevalent among low-income families, further compromising their indoor air quality.[319.1] To address these disparities, various housing policies have been implemented. At the federal level, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has mandated that public housing agencies adopt smoke-free policies, which prohibit tobacco use in public housing units and surrounding areas.[318.1] Such regulations aim to reduce exposure to harmful pollutants and improve overall indoor air quality for residents. Additionally, initiatives like the Indoor AirPlus program provide guidance and construction specifications aimed at enhancing comfort and IAQ in affordable housing.[317.1] This voluntary partnership encourages builders and developers to adhere to standards that not only improve indoor air quality but also enhance the durability of housing structures. Despite these efforts, there remains a pressing need for further improvements in housing standards, particularly for low-income households. Housing built to "green" standards is essential, as it can significantly reduce exposure to indoor pollutants.[320.1] Moreover, targeted interventions that focus on improving housing conditions have been shown to benefit health outcomes for these vulnerable populations.[319.1]Research And Future Directions
Ongoing Research Initiatives
Ongoing research initiatives in the field of indoor air quality (IAQ) are increasingly focused on understanding the complex relationship between building environments and the pollutants that affect health outcomes. A recent commission report highlighted that nearly 3 billion people globally are exposed to poor indoor air quality due to the use of solid fuels for cooking, heating, and lighting, which significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality rates associated with household air pollution.[356.1] Despite two decades of research, there remains a notable gap in comprehensive evaluations of peer-reviewed studies that explore the internal characteristics of various building types and their impact on IAQ. Recent database searches have utilized a range of keywords related to IAQ, residential and commercial buildings, and indoor air pollution standards, indicating a need for more targeted research in these areas.[357.1] Innovative strategies are being explored to enhance IAQ through architectural design and natural ventilation. A comprehensive review has discussed the importance of building facade design in mitigating air pollution and improving indoor environments. This research emphasizes the necessity of effective measures to control pollutants entering indoor spaces, which is crucial for reducing health risks associated with poor IAQ.[358.1] Furthermore, it is recognized that individuals spend over 80% of their time indoors, with cooking emissions being a significant source of both particulate and gaseous pollutants. The toxic effects of particulate matter on human health are influenced by factors such as particle size, surface area, and chemical composition.[359.1] As awareness of the health impacts of IAQ grows, ongoing research continues to investigate its effects on various health outcomes, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, allergic reactions, and even cancer.[360.1] These initiatives reflect a concerted effort to address the challenges of indoor air pollution and to develop effective strategies for improving the quality of indoor environments.Future Trends in Indoor Air Quality Management
The integration of smart technologies into indoor air quality (IAQ) management is poised to revolutionize how buildings operate and enhance the health of their occupants. Advanced sensors capable of detecting a wide range of pollutants are becoming increasingly prevalent, allowing for real-time monitoring of indoor environments. These smart systems can learn occupancy patterns and adjust airflow accordingly, thereby optimizing energy use while improving IAQ.[374.1] The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) is also significantly impacting IAQ management. AI-driven HVAC optimization enables predictive analytics that can forecast potential air quality issues, allowing for proactive interventions before conditions deteriorate.[376.1] Furthermore, mobile applications are being developed to provide users with real-time data and personalized recommendations for improving air quality, enhancing user engagement and awareness.[376.1] The use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology is another critical trend in IAQ management. Low-cost IAQ sensors are being utilized to create IoT-based monitoring platforms that demonstrate significant potential for enhancing IAQ management through data-driven models.[377.1] These platforms can provide reliable data that informs control strategies for air purifiers, leading to improved energy efficiency and better overall air quality.[377.1] Moreover, modern HVAC systems are being designed with a focus on new-age ventilation strategies that prioritize occupant health and comfort.[378.1] This shift in architectural design reflects a growing recognition of the importance of IAQ in building environments, particularly in urban areas where external pollution can adversely affect indoor conditions.[372.1]In this section:
References
[1] Indoor Air Quality - Overview | Occupational Safety and Health ... — Overview The quality of indoor air inside offices, schools, and other workplaces is important not only for workers' comfort but also for their health. Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) has been tied to symptoms like headaches, fatigue, trouble concentrating, and irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Also, some specific diseases have been linked to specific air contaminants or indoor
[2] Introduction to Indoor Air Quality - US EPA — Introduction to Indoor Air Quality
[3] Indoor Air Quality and Lung Health: An Overview (2025) — The most common cause of poor indoor air quality is the accumulation of indoor pollutants such as dust, mold, pet dander, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from household products, and tobacco smoke. Inadequate ventilation exacerbates these issues by trapping pollutants inside, leading to higher concentrations and increased health risks.
[4] The Importance of Indoor Air Quality — How important is indoor air quality? According to the EPA, we spend roughly 90% of our time indoors. Studies from the EPA's Science Advisory Board (SAB) have ranked indoor air pollution to be one of the top five environmental issues. The importance of indoor air quality in your home, school, or place of work is critical because of its direct impact on the quality of your life.
[6] WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants — Overview . This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered - benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene have indoor sources, are known for their
[7] Indoor Pollutants and Sources | US EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection ... — Indoor Pollutants and Sources | US EPA Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor Pollutants and Sources Indoor pollution sources that release gases or particles into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems. There are many sources of indoor air pollution – everything from building materials and household cleaner to biological pollutants such as dust mites and pet dander. Below are some of the most common indoor air pollutants with links to additional information for each. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Learn about Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Pollutants and Sources Contact Us about Indoor Air Quality
[8] What Makes Indoor Air Unhealthy? | American Lung Association — Poor indoor air quality can cause or contribute to the development of infections, lung cancer and chronic lung diseases such as asthma. People who already have lung disease are at greater risk. Find out what makes indoor air unhealthy and how pollution can hurt your body.
[9] How Building Materials Affect Indoor Air Quality: What to Know — Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a critical aspect of building design, as it directly affects the health and well-being of occupants. Many people are unaware that the materials used in construction and finishing can significantly impact the air we breathe inside buildings. Whether you're a builder, developer, or homeowner, understanding how building materials influence IAQ can help you make
[12] Study on the Influence of Building Materials on Indoor Pollutants and ... — The evaluation model can be used to evaluate the impact of indoor air quality and evaluation of current situation. Especially in the process of building and interior decoration, through pre-evaluation, it can provide reliable design parameters for selecting building materials and determining ventilation volume. Export citation and abstract
[15] Socioeconomic disparities in mortality from indoor air pollution: A ... — Background Indoor air pollution is a major public health concern, contributing to approximately 2.9 million deaths and 81.1 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually. This issue disproportionately affects underprivileged communities that depend on solid fuels for cooking. As a result, these communities suffer from heightened exposure to indoor air pollutants, which increases the
[18] Indoor Air Pollution, Related Human Diseases, and Recent Trends in the ... — IAP, meanwhile, refers to the existence of pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), inorganic compounds, physical chemicals, and biological factors, all of which are at high concentrations in the indoor air of non-industrial buildings, and all of which can have negative impacts on the human body. There are several benefits for the operation of ventilation in a building , including: (i) Providing oxygen and fresh air for human respiration; (ii) diluting indoor air pollutants to reach the short-term exposure limits of harmful contaminants as well as odors and vapors; (iii) using outdoor air with a low aerosol concentration to control aerosols inside buildings; (iv) controlling internal humidity; and (v) creating proper air distribution and promoting healthy and comfortable environment.
[46] Feature: A brief history of indoor air quality - AirQualityNews — Professor Paul Harrison explains how our understanding of indoor air quality has changed over time. The importance of good indoor air quality has been recognised since the mid-1800s, but it wasn't until the 1970s that interest really peaked. Specific interest in indoor air quality started in the Scandinavian countries, notably…
[47] History and Perspective on Indoor Air Quality Research — Modern indoor air science started in the 1970s. The reasons for separating the modern and old eras are: (1) building energy conservation became important due to the oil embargo in the Middle East in 1973 that had a great impact on building design and operation and in turn indoor air quality; (2) ambient air pollution became a topic of concern in many developed countries; (3) "modern diseases
[48] WHO's commitment to air quality: from the 1950s to today — Since 2006, WHO has worked on developing separate guidelines for indoor air quality. It published a series of 3 indoor-specific air quality guidelines that provide health-based recommendations on selected chemical air pollutants commonly found in indoor environments, biological agents (dampness and mould) and household fuel combustion.
[49] On the history of indoor environment and it's relation to ... - REHVA — Indoor Air Quality - Ventilation. Throughout history, man understood that polluted air could be harmful to health. Greeks and Romans were aware of the adverse effects of polluted air in, e.g., crowded cities and mines (Hippocrates, 460-377 BC). Throughout the medieval era, small steps forward have been done in this field.
[50] Historical Insights on Enhancing Indoor Air Quality — When you think about improving indoor air quality , you might not consider the ancient techniques that have shaped modern practices. From the Egyptians' high windows to the Romans' hypocaust systems, civilizations have always sought ways to guarantee cleaner air indoors.
[51] Environmental History of Air Pollution and Protection — Indoor air pollution caused by cooking and heating with open fires in poorly ventilated dwellings was a significant cause of ill-health from the earliest times. Scientific studies of samples of mummified lung tissues from Egypt, Peru, Britain and elsewhere have revealed that ancient societies suffered from anthracosis, (blackening of the lungs
[52] The History of Air Purification Technology | Filtrabox.com — The history of air purification technology is a testament to human ingenuity and our ongoing quest for cleaner, healthier environments. From ancient civilizations' rudimentary methods to modern high-tech systems, the evolution of air purification technology has been marked by innovation and the ever-increasing need to combat pollution and improve indoor air quality.
[53] PDF — Indoor Air Quality - Ventilation Throughout history, man understood that polluted air could be harmful to health. Greeks and Romans were aware of the adverse effects of polluted air in, e.g., crowded cities and mines (Hippocrates, 460-377 BC). Throughout the medieval era, small steps forward have been done in this field.
[55] WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. — This document presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from health risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The guidelines are based on a comprehensive review and evaluation of the accumulated scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts studying the toxic properties and health effects of these pollutants.
[90] Innovations in Air Quality Monitoring: Sensors, IoT and Future ... - MDPI — Recently, Air Quality Monitoring (AQM) has gained significant R&D attention from academia and industries, leading to advanced sensor-enabled IoT solutions. Literature highlights the use of nanomaterials in sensor design, emphasising miniaturisation, enhanced calibration, and low voltage, room-temperature operation. Significant efforts are aimed at improving sensitivity, selectivity, and
[112] Biotechnologies for improving indoor air quality - ScienceDirect — This chapter presents the main aspects of using biotechnological tools for improving indoor air quality, which is one of the key criteria in a smart eco-efficient built environment. ... A new trend in indoor air treatment refers to the use of biological methods (microorganisms and plants) for the removal of a wide range of chemical pollutants
[113] Indoor Air Quality Improvement Using Nature-Based Solutions: Design ... — This paper aims to explore the possible nature-based solutions, using microalgae systems in buildings, as a means to improve air quality, capture indoor carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, biomass, and bioenergy, and improve buildings’ global performance. Thus, the solution of integrating microalgae production systems in buildings potentially enables the quality of the indoor air to be better than that of the outdoor air. Thus, the association of microalgae with air handling systems (AHSs) can improve both the indoor air quality and thermal regulation, thus enhancing the building energy efficiency. Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics—Module M1-6.
[114] What Is A Cold Plasma Air Purifier? - Indoor Upgrades — So what is a cold plasma air purifier? It is simply equipment that you install within the ductwork, usually as part of your HVAC, ventilation and heating system in your home. This air purifier will then create ions from the air particles in the surrounding environment. By doing so, it improves indoor air quality.
[115] Non-thermal plasma technology for air pollution control and bacterial ... — Its advantages lie in the even distribution and diffusion of discharge, ensuring uniform treatment of air contaminants, coupled with a steady and consistent performance. 12 Coupling cold plasma with photocatalysis can also be a promising route to improve indoor air quality. 26,27
[123] PDF — ABSTRACT Cost-efective sensors are capable of real-time capturing a variety of air quality-related modalities from diferent pollutant concen-trations to indoor/outdoor humidity and temperature. Machine learning (ML) models are capable of performing air-quality "ahead-of-time" approximations.
[124] Internet-of-Things-Based CO2 Monitoring and Forecasting System for ... — This study presents a low-cost and scalable CO2 monitoring system that leverages NDIR sensors and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to predict indoor CO2 concentrations over both short- and long-term horizons. The proposed system aims to anticipate air quality deterioration in shared spaces, enabling proactive ventilation strategies. Various LSTM configurations were evaluated
[125] The Future of Air Quality Monitoring: Emerging Technologies and ... — The future of air quality monitoring lies in leveraging cutting-edge technologies to create smarter, more connected systems. AI, drones, wearables, satellites, and IoT are converging to provide real-time, granular data that empowers individuals, communities, and policymakers to take proactive steps toward cleaner air.
[126] Air Sensor Technology and Indoor Air Quality | US EPA — Air Sensor technology advances and increasing availability in the consumer marketplace are changing the landscape of indoor air quality management.As air sensor technology evolves and becomes more widely used in relation to indoor air quality management, it is increasingly common for a sensor or a combination of sensors to be incorporated in equipment, appliances and other devices that measure
[132] Ambient Air Purification by Nanotechnologies: From Theory to ... - MDPI — The key challenge lies in choosing the best and most robust catalyst for a variety of pollutants because of the complexity of the VOCs mixtures . ... The development of air purification technologies based on functional nanomaterials does present significant practical challenges, but there is a good potential for achieving the final objectives.
[136] Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health - PMC — One study of household pollution in an urban inner-city environment, where the use of solid fuels is less common, demonstrated that increases in indoor PM2.5 were associated with greater asthma morbidity for children with both atopic and non-atopic forms of asthma67. Today there is robust data to suggest that indoor air pollution is associated with a multitude of respiratory effects across the lifespan, including impaired lung development in childhood, greater risk for acute lower respiratory tract infections, risk for developing chronic lung disease and increased morbidity related to asthma and COPD. Challenges of studying the health effects of indoor air pollution include the need for individual exposure assessment, and interventions that require long-term implementation at the household level.
[137] Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health - PubMed — Worldwide, more than 4 million deaths annually are attributed to indoor air pollution. This largely preventable exposure represents a key target for reducing morbidity and mortality worldwide. Significant respiratory health effects are observed, ranging from attenuated lung growth and development in …
[140] Indoor Air Pollution, Related Human Diseases, and Recent Trends in the ... — IAP, meanwhile, refers to the existence of pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), inorganic compounds, physical chemicals, and biological factors, all of which are at high concentrations in the indoor air of non-industrial buildings, and all of which can have negative impacts on the human body. There are several benefits for the operation of ventilation in a building , including: (i) Providing oxygen and fresh air for human respiration; (ii) diluting indoor air pollutants to reach the short-term exposure limits of harmful contaminants as well as odors and vapors; (iii) using outdoor air with a low aerosol concentration to control aerosols inside buildings; (iv) controlling internal humidity; and (v) creating proper air distribution and promoting healthy and comfortable environment.
[144] Air quality and respiratory health in children - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Children are at a higher risk of outcomes such as acute respiratory infections, asthma and decreased lung function due to air pollution exposure; the risk varies in different geographical regions, depending on the source of air pollution, duration of exposures and concentration. A recent large birth cohort study reported that higher exposure to air pollution in the early years was associated with reduced lung function, even in adolescence or 15-year-old children . Among the adverse respiratory outcomes of air pollution on children are increased risks of acute lower respiratory tract infections and asthma, and decreased lung function. Association of breastfeeding and air pollution exposure with lung function in Chinese children.
[145] How does air quality affect the health of children and ... - PubMed — Conclusions: From respiratory disorders to neurodevelopmental problems, air pollution, remains a widespread threat, particularly to vulnerable populations. Immediate actions at the political, community, individual, and industry levels are necessary to mitigate these risks.
[151] Indoor Air Pollution and Asthma in Children - PMC - National Center for ... — Children, the elderly, and women are the most vulnerable with respect to potential indoor air pollution health effects because they spend more time in the home environment. Time activity studies have estimated that children and the elderly can spend as much as 90% of their time indoors . This observation underscores the substantial contribution
[152] Impact of Indoor Air Pollutants on the Cardiovascular Health Outcomes ... — Due to spending more time indoors, children and older adults are especially susceptible to the health risks of indoor air pollution. This review seeks to summarise existing knowledge on the cardiovascular health effects of three common indoor air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ), and Nitrogen
[182] 13 Most Common Indoor Air Pollutants - YourIAQ — The 13 most common indoor air pollutants include asbestos, biological pollutants, CO, cookstoves, formaldehyde, lead, NO2, pesticides, radon, PM, secondhand smoke, VOCs, and wood smoke. Traditional cookstoves that use solid fuels like wood, charcoal, and coal can emit harmful pollutants into the indoor air, which can be a serious health risk, especially for women and children who spend a lot of time near the stove. EPA Recommendation: Reduce indoor air pollution and protect household health by using clean or improved cookstoves, improving ventilation, using HEPA filters, and reducing time spent near the stove. Where it comes from: A variety of sources such as outdoor air, combustion (tobacco products, gas appliances, wood-burning stoves), building materials, and indoor activities (cleaning, cooking).
[183] Indoor Pollutants and Sources - US EPA — Indoor Pollutants and Sources | US EPA Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor Pollutants and Sources Indoor pollution sources that release gases or particles into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems. There are many sources of indoor air pollution – everything from building materials and household cleaner to biological pollutants such as dust mites and pet dander. Below are some of the most common indoor air pollutants with links to additional information for each. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Learn about Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Pollutants and Sources Contact Us about Indoor Air Quality
[184] 18 Major Sources of Indoor Air Pollution | Earth Reminder — 18 Major Sources of Indoor Air Pollution | Earth Reminder What Are the Sources of Indoor Air Pollution? Sources of Indoor Air Pollution: Various sources of indoor air pollution are caused by carbon monoxide, such as wood stoves, furnaces, environmental tobacco smoke, gas stoves & heaters, chimneys, etc. Further, according to a report by EPA, carbon monoxide in indoor air pollutants can cause different health issues at different concentrations. Candles may give an elegant look to your home decor but are also one of the sources of indoor air pollution. Dusting activities are a pretty common source of indoor air pollution. Various biological factors could cause indoor air pollution, such as molds, bugs, insects, mildews, etc.
[186] Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic ... — Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease - PubMed Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease The main indoor air pollutants are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM). Indoor Exposure to Selected Air Pollutants in the Home Environment: A Systematic Review.
[187] Understand the serious health risks of air pollution — Vulnerable populations: Who is most affected by air pollution? ... some parts of the population are more susceptible to its harmful effects. The most vulnerable people are: ... (EPA), indoor air pollution is often between two and five times greater than outdoors. At its worst, it can be up to 100 times more harmful than the open air.
[188] (PDF) Indoor Air Contaminants: The Overlooked Threat to ... - ResearchGate — By prioritizing indoor air quality, society can significantly enhance public health outcomes, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing
[195] 8 Ways to Improve Indoor Air Quality - The American House — 8 Ways to Reduce Indoor Air Pollution 1. Use air purifiers. I don't think there's someone who hasn't heard of this method yet. It's, by far, one of the most effective ways to improve indoor air quality. It has been shown that HEPA filters (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters are extremely effective at trapping particles as small as
[196] How to Improve Indoor Air Quality: 12 Ways to Clear the Air - BKV Energy — 12 effective ways to improve indoor air quality. Limiting exposure to air pollutants like dust mites, pet dander, mold spores, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is key to improving indoor air quality. ... Natural ventilation allows clean air to circulate through your home by diluting sources of indoor air pollution and reducing their
[197] 17 Simple Ways to Prevent Air Pollution in Your Home — But because we spend so much time indoors — especially in colder weather — keeping the air quality as clean as possible in your home, car and workplace is important for your health. Indoor air pollution can increase a person’s chances of having flares of chronic lung problems, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). “In addition to worsening the symptoms of asthma and other chronic respiratory problems, indoor air pollution can also cause irritation of the nose, throat, eyes and lungs,” Dr. Khatri says. Fortunately, there are ways you can minimize air pollution in your home, car or at work, Dr. Khatri says. Taking some simple precautions can help boost air quality in your home and improve your health. Can Air Purifiers Improve Your Lung and Heart Health?
[198] Air Quality Technology Innovations for Improving Indoor Air - YourIAQ — Indoor air pollution is responsible for 3.8 million lives lost each year globally, emphasizing the critical need for innovative solutions in air quality technology to combat indoor air pollutants such as dust, mold, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and radon. This article explores new technology and gadgets that monitor and improve indoor air quality. While smart home monitors provide a broad overview of indoor air quality, specialized devices offer a focused lens on potentially harmful pollutants: From AI-powered pollution prediction to air-purifying nanoparticles, emerging technologies are transforming how we monitor and improve indoor air quality. The anticipated growth of the indoor air quality monitoring device market, driven by the popularity of smart homes and technological advancements, underscores the increasing demand for innovative air quality monitoring solutions.
[204] The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality | US EPA — This booklet was prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to help you decide whether to take actions that can reduce the level of indoor air pollution in your own home. Indoor pollution sources that release gases or particles into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems in homes. Apartments can have the same indoor air problems as single-family homes because many of the pollution sources, such as the interior building materials, furnishings and household products, are similar. More information on potential health effects from particular indoor air pollutants is provided in the section, "A Look at Source-Specific Controls."
[205] Disparities between residential and commercial zones in air quality ... — The global SHAP value analysis reveals a clear distinction in air pollution sources between commercial and residential areas, highlighting the need for differentiated policy approaches. In residential zones, traffic-related attributes indicate that vehicular emissions are a significant contributor to air pollution.
[206] Factors That Influence Exposure to Indoor Air Pollutants — In a business district, ambient air quality and, correspondingly, indoor air pollution are affected by the amount of local automobile traffic. The General Electric Co. 24 investigated the indoor-pollution variations caused by traffic in the area of two complex high-rise buildings. One of the buildings was an air-rights apartment building that
[209] Sustainable Material Selections For Eco-Friendly Interior Design | Inqube — Lower Carbon Footprint: Sustainable materials require less energy in production, reducing overall emissions. Improved Indoor Air Quality: Eco-friendly materials are free from harmful chemicals like VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds). Durability and Longevity: High-quality sustainable materials last longer, reducing the need for replacements.
[210] Healthy Interiors: How Sustainable Materials in Interior Design Enhance ... — Healthy Interiors: How Sustainable Materials in Interior Design Enhance Well-Being Algae Tiles and Cork: These materials feature a non-toxic finish, offering a sustainable choice that promotes healthier indoor environments. On Materials Assemble, a leading platform for sourcing healthy and sustainable interior materials, you can join a community of architects and designers who prioritize both environmental and human health. From natural, low-emission finishes to eco-friendly flooring and non-toxic furnishings, Materials Assemble offers innovative solutions that meet high standards for safety and sustainability. By selecting materials such as clay plaster, reclaimed wood, natural cork, mycelium, seaweed, and oyster shells, architects and designers can craft interiors that are not only aesthetically pleasing and functional but also promote physical, mental, and environmental health.
[227] Improving Indoor Air Quality - US EPA — Improving Indoor Air Quality | US EPA Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Usually the most effective way to improve indoor air quality is to eliminate individual sources of pollution or to reduce their emissions. For most indoor air quality problems in the home, source control is the most effective solution. This reduces the level of contaminants and improves indoor air quality (IAQ). Carefully evaluate using ventilation to reduce indoor air pollutants where there may be outdoor sources of pollutants, such as smoke or refuse, nearby. Natural ventilation can also improve indoor air quality by reducing pollutants that are indoors. EPA plans to do additional research on whether air cleaners are, or could become, a reliable means of reducing the health risk from radon. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
[230] Indoor Pollutants and Sources - US EPA — Indoor Pollutants and Sources | US EPA Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor Pollutants and Sources Indoor pollution sources that release gases or particles into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems. There are many sources of indoor air pollution – everything from building materials and household cleaner to biological pollutants such as dust mites and pet dander. Below are some of the most common indoor air pollutants with links to additional information for each. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Learn about Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Pollutants and Sources Contact Us about Indoor Air Quality
[232] Indoor Air Quality | US EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — Indoor Air Quality | US EPA Most pollutants affecting indoor air quality come from sources inside buildings, although some originate outdoors. Volatile chemicals in water supplies can also enter indoor air when building occupants use the water (e.g., during showering, cooking). Researchers also have been investigating the relationship between indoor air quality and important issues not traditionally thought of as related to health, such as student performance in the classroom and productivity in occupational settings.11 Though much is known about the broad range of indoor air quality issues and associated health effects, currently only two national indicators of indoor air quality are available based on long-term and quality data: Radon and Serum Cotinine (a measure of exposure to tobacco smoke).
[233] Indoor air pollution: What causes it and how to tackle it — Indoor air pollution: What causes it and how to tackle it | World Economic Forum It's a big problem in developing countries, where indoor burning of solid fuels like wood, coal and dung in developing countries releases harmful pollutants, including fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide, impacting air quality and human health. What is indoor air pollution? What causes indoor air pollution? There are many causes of indoor air pollution. Mould is an indoor air pollutant that can cause myriad health problems, including respiratory infections, asthma, and allergies. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can reduce indoor pollution, effectively removing pollutants like mould spores, pet dander, dust mites, and tobacco smoke. Many conventional cleaning products contain harmful chemicals that cause indoor air pollution.
[235] Novel insights into indoor air purification capability of microalgae ... — Physical methods were weaker than ornamental plants and microalgae in terms of increased relative humidity and O 2 content. In general, microalgae, especially C. vulgaris could purify indoor air pollutants more efficiently. The above studies provided data and theoretical support for the purification of indoor air pollutants by microalgae.
[238] Indoor Air Quality Improvement Using Nature-Based Solutions: Design ... — This paper aims to explore the possible nature-based solutions, using microalgae systems in buildings, as a means to improve air quality, capture indoor carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, biomass, and bioenergy, and improve buildings’ global performance. Thus, the solution of integrating microalgae production systems in buildings potentially enables the quality of the indoor air to be better than that of the outdoor air. Thus, the association of microalgae with air handling systems (AHSs) can improve both the indoor air quality and thermal regulation, thus enhancing the building energy efficiency. Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics—Module M1-6.
[239] The Power Of Retrofitting For Cleaner, Healthier Indoor Air - Forbes — One opportunity is to implement distributed, localized air cleaning solutions to address indoor environmental quality issues while enhancing overall building energy efficiency. When evaluating different technology options, consider factors such as air contamination removal efficiency, no harmful byproducts like ozone or VOC emissions, ease of maintenance, data tracking, noise levels, energy use and ability to integrate with existing building systems and architecture. Localized, distributed air cleaning solutions designed for building integration can provide an effective and potentially more affordable alternative to achieving superior air quality that works in concert with other heating, cooling and ventilation systems. With careful planning and expert guidance, building owners and managers can successfully implement distributed air-cleaning solutions to create healthier, more sustainable indoor environments.
[241] Revolutionizing Indoor Air Quality: How Smart HVAC Systems Optimize ... — Here are a few examples of how technology keeps these systems operationally effective: Sensor Technologies. IoT sensors that are strategically deployed within a building monitor various HVAC and air quality metrics, including temperature, humidity, O 2 /CO 2 levels, and occupancy counts. This delivers real-time data that can be used within smart HVAC systems to make automated adjustments.
[242] Enhancing indoor air quality: Harnessing architectural elements ... — Enhancing indoor air quality: Harnessing architectural elements, natural ventilation and passive design strategies for effective pollution reduction — A comprehensive review - ScienceDirect Enhancing indoor air quality: Harnessing architectural elements, natural ventilation and passive design strategies for effective pollution reduction — A comprehensive review Despite increasing awareness, mitigating these effects, and enhancing indoor air quality (IAQ) remains a challenge, primarily due to the intricate nature of these pollutants (Manisalidis et al., 2020). This review provides a comprehensive elaboration on innovative building facade design strategies to mitigate the polluted air and improve IAQ which is practically essential for reducing health risks. This study focuses on effective measures for controlling and mitigating air pollutants entering indoor environments, addressing IAP, and exploring state-of-the-art methods applicable to building façade strategies.
[255] OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) - Section III: Chapter 2 | Occupational ... — The most effective engineering control for prevention of indoor air quality problems is assuring an adequate supply of fresh outdoor air through natural or mechanical ventilation. SHRAE in its 62-1989 standard recommends 20 cubic feet per minute (CFM) of outdoor air per occupant for offices.
[256] PDF — that building codes use to address indoor air quality concerns. Furthermore, building codes often address moisture control, which is an important consideration for indoor air quality. Energy codes typically focus exclusively on energy conservation3, while provisions in other codes are relied on to protect indoor air quality.
[258] Controlling Pollutants and Sources: Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for ... — When selecting materials for interior surfaces and finishes for a high performance school, designers look for cost-effective, durable and materials-efficient products that provide the desired acoustical performance and aesthetic qualities, and protect indoor air quality and health. Interior building materials — including carpets, carpet padding, paints, sealants and caulking, adhesives, floor and ceiling tiles, cabinets, molding, composite wood products, and other wood work — can contain contaminants that are gradually emitted (off-gassed) throughout the life of the material. One of the major indoor air quality complaints in a new school is the odor from recently installed building materials and finishes such as flooring and flooring adhesives, paints and finishes, caulks and sealants, and cabinets and work surfaces made from composite lumber products.
[267] Indoor air: Guidelines, policies, and regulation — Fig 1 Indoor air pollutants and sources, with examples of regulations and guidelines that address the pollutants. There is no single comprehensive regulatory framework that addresses indoor air quality, and the listed examples vary by region and state. ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
[268] Indoor air quality - Safety Notes — Regulatory Framework Governing Indoor Air Quality Multiple regulations and standards govern indoor air quality, aiming to protect public health and safety. In the United States, organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) have established guidelines for
[269] Regulating Indoor Air Quality - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of ... — The Model State Indoor Air Quality Act (MSIAQA) was developed by the Center for Health Security in partnership with legal experts. It provides a legal framework for states and localities to implement legislation that will result in improved IAQ in public buildings by: Setting up state advisory councils to set standards appropriate for states
[270] WHO Health Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality and National ... — This chapter reviews and discusses the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines related to indoor air quality (IAQ). The WHO IAQ health guidelines are developed and published after systematic reviews of evidence from medical and public health studies, and through extensive panel discussion and expert consultation, which provide an important basis for countries to develop your national indoor
[271] ASID Impact of Design Brief: Climate, Building Resiliency, & Human Health — Evolving environmental conditions, particularly those related to climate change, are impacting building materials and increasing the risks to human health. In response to the growing body of knowledge on the impact of materials on indoor air quality and human health, new rating systems, product declarations statements, protocols and regulations
[273] Indoor Air Quality and Climate Change | US EPA - U.S. Environmental ... — Climate change can affect conditions indoors by worsening existing indoor air quality issues and introducing new ones. Most people in the United States spend about 90% of their time indoors. The air we breathe indoors, and ultimately our health, can be impacted by many factors, including the air quality outdoors, people's activities indoors
[274] The Power Of Retrofitting For Cleaner, Healthier Indoor Air - Forbes — One opportunity is to implement distributed, localized air cleaning solutions to address indoor environmental quality issues while enhancing overall building energy efficiency. When evaluating different technology options, consider factors such as air contamination removal efficiency, no harmful byproducts like ozone or VOC emissions, ease of maintenance, data tracking, noise levels, energy use and ability to integrate with existing building systems and architecture. Localized, distributed air cleaning solutions designed for building integration can provide an effective and potentially more affordable alternative to achieving superior air quality that works in concert with other heating, cooling and ventilation systems. With careful planning and expert guidance, building owners and managers can successfully implement distributed air-cleaning solutions to create healthier, more sustainable indoor environments.
[276] Indoor Air Quality - Overview | Occupational Safety and Health ... — Indoor Air Quality - Overview | OSHA.gov | Occupational Safety and Health Administration Indoor Air Quality Menu Workers' Rights The quality of indoor air inside offices, schools, and other workplaces is important not only for workers' comfort but also for their health. Although OSHA does not have IAQ standards, it does have standards about ventilation and standards on some of the air contaminants that can be involved in IAQ problems. The General Duty Clause of the OSH Act (the law that created OSHA) requires employers to provide workers with a safe workplace that does not have any known hazards that cause or are likely to cause death or serious injury. Provides links and references to additional resources related to indoor air quality.
[285] Navigating ASHRAE Standard 62.1 for Indoor Air Quality — Elliott Energy — ASHRAE standard 62.1 stands as a cornerstone in providing occupants with indoor environments that promote health, well-being, and productivity. By addressing not only ventilation rates but also contaminant control and by embracing performance-based approaches, 62.1 underscores the industry's commitment to achieving a delicate balance between energy efficiency and indoor air quality.
[286] ASHRAE Standard: What Every HVAC Engineer Should Know — ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) develops standards that establish best practices, guidelines, and performance requirements for HVAC systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and building sustainability. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 is crucial for HVAC engineers because it sets the minimum ventilation, filtration, and air quality requirements to ensure healthy indoor environments while optimizing energy use. ASHRAE 62.1 helps HVAC engineers design systems that provide healthy indoor air, ensures compliance with building codes and green building certifications (e.g., LEED) and improves occupant health, comfort, and productivity by reducing exposure to indoor pollutants. HVAC engineers must understand ASHRAE 55 to design systems that ensure thermal comfort, proper airflow, and energy efficiency by balancing environmental and personal factors while complying with industry standards.
[287] PDF — ASHRAE Standards Should Provide Guidance for Energy Efficiency while Maintaining Healthy Buildings. Energy efficiency strategies must consider impacts on indoor environmental quality, including thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting, and acoustics.
[288] PDF — The provision of acceptable IAQ is an essential building service and central to ASHRAE's purpose. Achieving and maintaining good IAQ should be included in all decisions that affect the design and operation of buildings and HVAC systems, including efforts to improve building energy efficiency, sustainability and resiliency.
[311] The Hidden Dangers of Indoor Air Pollution - Science Recent — Vulnerable Populations. Certain groups are particularly vulnerable to the effects of indoor air pollution. Children and the elderly, for instance, are more susceptible because their bodies are either developing or declining in immune response and respiratory function. ... Impact of Indoor Air Quality on Productivity and Well-being. Poor indoor
[312] The impact of poor housing and indoor air quality on respiratory health ... — The impact of poor housing and indoor air quality on respiratory health in children It is becoming increasingly apparent that poor housing quality affects indoor air quality, significantly impacting on respiratory health in children and young people. Poor-quality housing negatively impacts the quality of the air that children breathe in their living environment, which is detrimental to their respiratory health. Being housed in a cold home was found to be a greater risk to respiratory health for children under 9 years of age and living in overcrowded housing a greater risk for children under 10 years of age as, in the UK, they are not counted in the room standard, or count as less than one person in the space standard.
[313] 2 Background | Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health | The ... — Vulnerable populations will be disproportionately affected by climate change and its adverse effects on indoor environmental quality. Vulnerable populations include those who have less economic ability to adapt to or mitigate the effects of changes in their indoor environment and those whose age or health status renders them more susceptible to
[314] Introduction - WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality - NCBI Bookshelf — Problems of indoor air quality are recognized as important risk factors for human health in both low-income and middle- and high-income countries. Indoor air is important also because populations spend a substantial fraction of time within buildings. In residences, day-care centres, retirement homes and other special environments, indoor air pollution affects population groups that are
[315] Air quality in "green" housing affected by toxic chemicals in building ... — Indoor air quality is a concern especially in low-income and minority communities as studies show levels of indoor pollutants are often higher in these groups compared with more affluent homes. "Many factors shape environmental exposures for low-income families living in multifamily housing," says co-author Gary Adamkiewicz at the Harvard T
[317] Affordable Housing with Indoor AirPlus | US EPA - U.S. Environmental ... — Affordable Housing with Indoor AirPlus Indoor AirPlus is a voluntary partnership and labeling program that offers guidance and construction specifications that help improve comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) for residents, as well as enhance durability and reduce risk for affordable builders and developers. Indoor AirPlus partners play an
[318] Indoor Air Quality in Rental Dwellings: Radon, Mold, and Secondhand ... — At the federal level, a U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) rule requires public housing agencies (PHAs) to adopt a smoke-free policy that bans the use of prohibited tobacco products in public housing living units, indoor common areas in public housing, and outdoor areas up to 25 feet from the building. At the local level, a
[319] Intersections among housing, environmental conditions, and health ... — Low-income homes are often older and of poorer quality, and often need maintenance (Desmond, 2012; Sims et al., 2020). Further, low-income income families are more likely to live in overcrowded housing conditions (Taylor, 2018). However, interventions centered around housing can be beneficial to health (Jacobs, 2011; Kearns et al., 2012).
[320] A multi-city study of indoor air quality in green vs non-green low ... — The condition of the home is a strong predictor of exposure to environmental contaminants; low-income households being particularly vulnerable. Therefore, improving housing standards is a priority. Housing built to "green" standards, with
[321] Family Health Problems Caused by Poor Indoor Air Quality — Adults can also be negatively affected by poor indoor air quality and may even develop adult-onset asthma in particularly vulnerable populations. Children, adolescents, and adults who are sensitive to allergies or have asthma are all at risk for asthma symptoms or exacerbations due to exposure to allergens such as dust mites, pests, pet dander
[322] Healthier Indoor Environments for Vulnerable Occupants: Analysis of ... — This vulnerability is compounded by the prolonged hours they usually spend indoors, where poor air quality and inadequate ventilation can significantly heighten the relative risk of airborne pathogen transmission and increase the time of exposure to indoor pollutants , exacerbating pre-existing health conditions .
[324] (PDF) Health Impacts of Air Pollution on Vulnerable Populations ... — (PDF) Health Impacts of Air Pollution on Vulnerable Populations: Children, Elderly, and Low-Income Communities Health Impacts of Air Pollution on Vulnerable Populations: Children, Elderly, and Low-Income Communities Air pollution represents one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century, with profound implications for vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and low-income communities. By identifying the unique vulnerabilities and health disparities faced by children, the elderly, and low-income communities, we highlight the urgent need for comprehensive public health strategies and policies aimed at reducing air pollution and mitigating its impacts on the most susceptible members of society. Air pollution, health impacts, vulnerable populations, children, elderly, low-income The health impacts of air pollution on vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and
[326] Climate Change, Air Quality, and Pulmonary Health Disparities — Climate change will alter environmental risks that influence pulmonary health, including heat, air pollution, and pollen. These exposures disproportionately burden populations already at risk of ill health, including those at vulnerable life stages, with low socioeconomic status, and systematically targeted by oppressive policies.
[356] A state-of-the-art review on indoor air pollution and strategies for ... — A recent commission report estimated that nearly 3 billion people worldwide are daily exposed to poor indoor air quality (IAQ) caused by the use of solid fuels for cooking, heating and lighting. This report concluded that household air pollution is a major contributor to global figures for morbidity and mortality, with major effects on
[357] Indoor Air Quality in Buildings: A Comprehensive Review on the Factors ... — Despite the two decades of indoor air quality (IAQ) research from different perspectives, there is still a lack of comprehensive evaluation of peer-reviewed IAQ studies that specifically covers the relationship between the internal characteristics of different types of building environments with IAQ to help understand the progress and limitations of IAQ research worldwide. A database search was completed using several combinations of keywords, e.g., IAQ, residential building, commercial building, office, school, indoor air pollution, educational institute, home, and IAQ standards. Figure 3 represents the range for five different indoor air pollutants concentration in residential buildings for selected countries discussed above, while Table 4 has summarized different aspects of residential IAQ studies.
[358] Enhancing indoor air quality: Harnessing architectural elements ... — Enhancing indoor air quality: Harnessing architectural elements, natural ventilation and passive design strategies for effective pollution reduction — A comprehensive review - ScienceDirect Enhancing indoor air quality: Harnessing architectural elements, natural ventilation and passive design strategies for effective pollution reduction — A comprehensive review Despite increasing awareness, mitigating these effects, and enhancing indoor air quality (IAQ) remains a challenge, primarily due to the intricate nature of these pollutants (Manisalidis et al., 2020). This review provides a comprehensive elaboration on innovative building facade design strategies to mitigate the polluted air and improve IAQ which is practically essential for reducing health risks. This study focuses on effective measures for controlling and mitigating air pollutants entering indoor environments, addressing IAP, and exploring state-of-the-art methods applicable to building façade strategies.
[359] Impact of Cooking Methods on Indoor Air Quality: A Comparative Study of ... — 1. Introduction. People spend, on average, more than 80% of their time indoors, with cooking emissions contributing significantly to indoor air pollution, including both particulate and gaseous pollutants [1 - 3].Particulate matter (PM) is composed of solid and liquid particles, and its toxic effects on human health depend on the size, surface area, and chemical composition of the particles
[360] Indoor Exposure to Selected Air Pollutants in the Home ... - PubMed — Indoor air quality (IAQ) in particular has an impact on multiple health outcomes, including respiratory and cardiovascular illness, allergic symptoms, cancers, and premature mo … (1) Background: There is increasing awareness that the quality of the indoor environment affects our health and well-being.
[372] Smart HVAC technology enhances architectural design - e-architect — Indoor air quality is becoming a priority in architectural design, especially in urban areas where external air pollution can impact indoor environments. Smart HVAC systems are vital in managing and improving IAQ through advanced filtration and ventilation technologies.
[374] The Challenges of Indoor Air Quality in Architecture and Building Design — Future Trends: Technology is expected to play an increasing role in managing IAQ. From advanced sensors detecting a wide range of pollutants to smart ventilation systems that learn occupancy patterns and adjust airflow accordingly, the intersection of technology and design promises exciting potential for indoor air quality improvement.
[376] Tech Breakthroughs: How AI and ML Advance Air Quality Improvement — How AI and indoor air quality are revolutionizing the way we live, with smart technologies predicting and managing IAQ for healthier indoor environments. With the advent of AI-driven HVAC optimization, real-time IAQ monitoring, and smart IAQ technologies, we don’t have to just react to air quality issues; we can predict and prevent them. Key TakeawaysAI dramatically improves indoor air quality (IAQ) by monitoring, analyzing, and adjusting air conditions using smart technologies.IoT devices and real-time air quality tracking offer comprehensive data on indoor environments, enabling effective IAQ management.Predictive analytics in AI can forecast potential problems, allowing for interventions before air quality deteriorates.Smart air purifiers and automated HVAC systems are crucial in using AI to ensure optimal indoor air conditions.Mobile applications for IAQ provide users with real-time data, analytics, and personalized recommendations for air quality improvement.
[377] Achieving better indoor air quality with IoT systems for future ... — With the development of IoT technology and low-cost indoor air quality (IAQ) sensors, the IoT-based IAQ monitoring platform has garnered significant research interest and demonstrated its potential in enhancing IAQ management. Saini et al., 2020a, Saini et al., 2021a summarized the specification of recently developed IoT–based indoor air pollution monitoring, focusing on microcontrollers, communication technologies and sensor measurement parameters (accuracy/ranges/operating conditions et al.). This study provides a comprehensive review of various studies that have developed IoT-based platforms for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and utilized data-driven models for effective IAQ management. With the development of a more precise control strategy, air purifiers could achieve a more reasonable control effect and the consequent improvement of total energy efficiency, using reliable IAQ data from IoT-based low-cost IAQ sensors and the integration of data-driven technology to the monitoring platform .
[378] PDF — Abstract: Indoor air quality has turned out to be critical in today's building design and has profound effects on the health of occupants. This research examines the applicability of modern HVAC systems in improving Indoor air quality (IAQ) with special emphasis on new-age ventilation strategies.